1. 结构图#
<div class="image-view" data-width="753" data-height="414">
<img decoding="async" class="aligncenter" src="https://www.kubehan.cn/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/frc-cdcd166f2eb2eb2040ab6b06b5913c7a.png" alt="13-MySQL分布式架构13-MySQL分布式架构" />
</div>
2. MyCAT基础架构准备#
1.环境准备:#
两台虚拟机 db01 db02
每台创建四个mysql实例:3307 3308 3309 3310
2.节点主从规划#
箭头指向谁是主库#
以3307为主库,3309为从库,搭建主从复制关系
10.0.0.51:3307 <-----> 10.0.0.52:3307
10.0.0.51:3309 ------> 10.0.0.51:3307
10.0.0.52:3309 ------> 10.0.0.52:3307
以3308为主库,3310为从库,搭建主从复制关系
10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308
10.0.0.51:3310 -----> 10.0.0.51:3308
3.分片规划#
shard1:
Master:10.0.0.51:3307
slave1:10.0.0.51:3309
Standby Master:10.0.0.52:3307
slave2:10.0.0.52:3309
shard2:
Master:10.0.0.52:3308
slave1:10.0.0.52:3310
Standby Master:10.0.0.2. MyCAT基础架构准备
4.开始配置#
shard1#
1.配置3307库为双主模式
10.0.0.51:3307 <—–> 10.0.0.52:3307 db02 mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “grant replication slave on . to repl@‘10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “grant all on . to root@‘10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘123’ with grant option;” db01 mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.52’, MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG” db02 mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.51’, MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG”
2.配置db01的3309为3307的从库
10.0.0.51:3309 ——> 10.0.0.51:3307 db01 mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.51’, MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG”
3.配置db02的3309为3307的从库
10.0.0.52:3309 ——> 10.0.0.52:3307 db02 mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.52’, MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG”
shard2#
1.配置3308数据库为双主模式
10.0.0.52:3308 <—–> 10.0.0.51:3308 db01 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “grant replication slave on . to repl@‘10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “grant all on . to root@‘10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘123’ with grant option;” db02 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.51’, MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG” db01 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.52’, MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG”
2.配置db02的3310为3308的从库
10.0.0.52:3310 —–> 10.0.0.52:3308 db02 mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.52’, MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG”
3.配置db01的3310为3308的从库
10.0.0.51:3310 —–> 10.0.0.51:3308 db01 mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘10.0.0.51’, MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER=‘repl’, MASTER_PASSWORD=‘123’;” mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “start slave;” mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “show slave statusG”
5.检测主从状态#
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
注:如果中间出现错误,执行以下命令,重新配置主从关系
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “stop slave; reset slave all;”
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “stop slave; reset slave all;”
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e “stop slave; reset slave all;”
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e “stop slave; reset slave all;”
3. MyCAT安装#
1.预先安装Java运行环境#
yum install -y java
2.下载#
软件包名称: Mycat-server-xxxxx.linux.tar.gz
下载地址: http://mycat.io/
3.解压文件#
tar xf Mycat-server-1.6.5-release-20180122220033-linux.tar.gz
mv mycat/ /usr/local/
4.软件目录结构#
[root@db01 mycat]# ls
bin catlet conf lib logs version.txt
5.启动和连接#
配置环境变量
vim /etc/profile export PATH=/usr/local/mycat/bin:$PATH source /etc/profile
启动
mycat start
连接mycat
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
4. 配置文件介绍#
1.logs目录#
wrapper.log ---->mycat启动日志
mycat.log ---->mycat详细工作日志
2.conf目录#
schema.xml
主配置文件(读写分离、高可用、分布式策略定制、节点控制)
server.xml
mycat软件本身相关的配置
rule.xml
分片规则配置文件,记录分片规则列表、使用方法等
5.应用前环境准备#
1.用户创建及数据库导入#
db01:
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock
grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
source /root/world.sql
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock
grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
source /root/world.sql
2.配置文件处理#
[root@db01 conf]# vim schema.xml
<schema name="TESTDB" dataNode="sh1">
</schema>
<dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "world" />
<dataHost name="oldguo1"
<writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
</dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
6. 读写分离结构配置#
编写读写分离配置文件
vim schema.xml
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat=“http://io.mycat/">
select user()
</mycat:schema>
7.测试一主一从的读写分离#
1.重启mycat#
mycat restart
2.读写分离测试#
mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
select @@server_id;
begin;
select @@server_id;
commit;
总结:
以上案例实现了1主1从的读写分离功能,写操作落到主库,读操作落到从库.如果主库宕机,从库不能在继续提供服务了
8. 配置读写分离及高可用#
1.编写读写分离及高可用配置文件#
[root@db01 conf]# vim schema.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
<schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
</schema>
<dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "world" />
<dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
<writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
<writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
</dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
2.配置文件介绍#
真正的 writehost:负责写操作的writehost
standby writeHost :和readhost一样,只提供读服务
当写节点宕机后,后面跟的readhost也不提供服务,这时候standby的writehost就提供写服务,
后面跟的readhost提供读服务
3.测试:#
mycat restart
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066
读写分离测试
mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
select @@server_id;
begin;
select @@server_id;
commit;
对db01 3307节点进行关闭和启动,测试读写操作
9. 配置中的属性介绍:#
1.balance属性#
- 负载均衡类型,目前的取值有3种:
1.balance=“0”, 不开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前可用的writeHost上
2.balance=“1”,全部的readHost与standby writeHost参与select语句的负载均衡,简单的说,当双主双从模式(M1->S1,M2->S2,并且M1与 M2互为主备),正常情况下,M2,S1,S2都参与select语句的负载均衡
3.balance=“2”,所有读操作都随机的在writeHost、readhost上分发
2.writeType属性#
- 负载均衡类型,目前的取值有2种:
1.writeType=“0”, 所有写操作发送到配置的第一个writeHost,第一个挂了切到还生存的第二个writeHost,重新启动后已切换后的为主,切换记录在配置文件中:dnindex.properties
2.writeType=“1”,所有写操作都随机的发送到配置的writeHost,但不推荐使用
3.switchType属性#
-1 表示不自动切换
1 默认值,自动切换
2 基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换 ,心跳语句为 show slave status
datahost其他配置
maxCon=“1000”:最大的并发连接数 minCon=“10” :mycat在启动之后,会在后端节点上自动开启的连接线程
tempReadHostAvailable=“1” 这个一主一从时(1个writehost,1个readhost时),可以开启这个参数,如果2个writehost,2个readhost时
select user() 监测心跳
10.垂直分表#
编写配置文件
vim schema.xml
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat=“http://io.mycat/">
<dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> <dataHost name="oldguo2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
创建测试库和表:
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “create database taobao charset utf8;” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “create database taobao charset utf8;” mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “use taobao;create table user(id int,name varchar(20))”; mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “use taobao;create table order_t(id int,name varchar(20))”
重启测试 :
mycat restart mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
use TESTDB ; mysql> insert into order_t(id,name) values(1,‘c’); mysql> insert into order_t(id,name) values(2,’d’); mysql> insert into user(id,name) values(1,‘a’); mysql> insert into user(id,name) values(2,‘b’);
分别登陆后端主节点查看数据
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “select * from taobao.user” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “select * from taobao.order_t”
11. MyCAT核心特性——分片(水平拆分)#
- 分片:对一个"bigtable”,比如说t3表
(1)行数非常多,800w
(2)访问非常频繁 - 分片的目的:
(1)将大数据量进行分布存储
(2)提供均衡的访问路由 - 分片策略:
范围 range
取模 mod
枚举
哈希 hash
时间 流水
优化关联查询
全局表
ER分片12 .范围分片#
比如说t3表
(1)行数非常多,2000w(1-1000w:sh1 1000w-2000w:sh2)
(2)访问非常频繁,用户访问较离散1.修改配置文件#
schema文件
vim schema.xml
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat=“http://io.mycat/">
<dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> <dataHost name="oldguo2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
rule文件
vim rule.xml
id rang-long autopartition-long.txt autopartition-long.txt文件
vim autopartition-long.txt 0-10=0 10-20=1
2.创建测试#
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
3.测试#
重启mycat mycat restart mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066 insert into t3(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t3(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t3(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t3(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into t3(id,name) values(11,'aa'); insert into t3(id,name) values(12,'bb'); insert into t3(id,name) values(13,'cc'); insert into t3(id,name) values(14,'dd'); insert into t3(id,name) values(10,'ddd');
分别登陆后端主节点查看数据
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t3" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t3"
13. 取模分片(mod-long):#
取余分片方式:分片键(一个列)与节点数量进行取余,得到余数,将数据写入对应节点
修改配置文件#
schema配置
vim schema.xml
rule配置
vim rule.xml <property name="count">2</property>
准备测试环境#
创建测试表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);” mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);”
重启mycat
mycat restart
测试
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.52 -P8066
use TESTDB insert into t4(id,name) values(1,‘a’); insert into t4(id,name) values(2,‘b’); insert into t4(id,name) values(3,‘c’); insert into t4(id,name) values(4,’d’);
分别登录后端节点查询数据
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock use taobao select * from t4;
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock use taobao select * from t4;
14. 枚举分片#
t5 表
id name telnum
1 bj 1212
2 sh 22222
3 bj 3333
4 sh 44444
5 bj 5555sharding-by-intfile
修改配置文件#
schema配置
vim schema.xml
rule配置
vim rule.xml
name hash-int partition-hash-int.txt 1 0 partition-hash-int.txt 配置
bj=0 sh=1 DEFAULT_NODE=1
columns 标识将要分片的表字段,algorithm 分片函数, 其中分片函数配置中,mapFile标识配置文件名称
2.准备测试环境#
准备数据
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e “use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);”
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e “use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);”
重启mycat
mycat restart mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t5(id,name) values(1,‘bj’); insert into t5(id,name) values(2,‘sh’); insert into t5(id,name) values(3,‘bj’); insert into t5(id,name) values(4,‘sh’); insert into t5(id,name) values(5,’tj’);
15 . Mycat全局表#
a b c d
join
tselect t1.name ,t.x from t1
join t
select t2.name ,t.x from t2
join t
select t3.name ,t.x from t3
join t使用场景:
如果你的业务中有些数据类似于数据字典,比如配置文件的配置,
常用业务的配置或者数据量不大很少变动的表,这些表往往不是特别大,
而且大部分的业务场景都会用到,那么这种表适合于Mycat全局表,无须对数据进行切分,
要在所有的分片上保存一份数据即可,Mycat 在Join操作中,业务表与全局表进行Join聚合会优先选择相同分片内的全局表join,
避免跨库Join,在进行数据插入操作时,mycat将把数据分发到全局表对应的所有分片执行,在进行数据读取时候将会随机获取一个节点读取数据。1.修改配置#
vim schema.xml <table name="t_area" primaryKey="id" type="global" dataNode="sh1,sh2" />
2.后端数据准备#
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock use taobao create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null); mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock use taobao create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);
3.重启mycat#
mycat restart
4.测试#
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.52 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t_area(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(4,'d');
16. E-R分片#
A
join
B
为了防止跨分片join,可以使用E-R模式
A join B
on a.xx=b.yy
join C
on A.id=C.id